The small-size premium has declined over the last five years, with market dynamics, deglobalization and inflationary pressures having a pronounced impact on this market segment — a trend that has continued into 2024. Over a much longer history of 25 years, however, small-cap stocks consistently outperformed their larger-cap counterparts. We analyzed small caps to learn more about the factors that have influenced their performance since 1999, and what has changed more recently.
Long-term return and risk of big and small stocks across regions
In our analysis, small-cap stocks were represented across regions by the MSCI World Small Cap, MSCI USA Small Cap, MSCI World ex USA Small Cap, MSCI Europe Small Cap and MSCI Emerging Markets (EM) Small Cap Indexes. We used MSCI’s global equity factor model (EFMGEMLT), one of the MSCI Equity Factor Models (PDF), for performance attributions and factor analysis covering the period from Dec. 31, 1999, to July 31, 2024. Our focus was on understanding the performance drivers of small-cap stocks, not the behavior of the systematic size factor.
Size and value styles were primary positive return drivers over the last 25 years
The overall contribution of aggregated style factors to the returns of small-cap indexes has been positive, with size and value the top positive contributors since Dec. 31, 1999. The largest negative contributors were quality and short interest. Exposures to size and quality were generally negative and, to value and short interest, generally positive.
Style factors have been the main force behind small caps’ performance
Value and quality factors showed positive long-term performance through the study period, while size, which we define as “big minus small,” on average, posted negative performance.[1] The short-interest factor consistently exhibited substantial negative performance, driven by highly shorted stocks that delivered negative returns, in line with short sellers’ expectations.
Long-term positive performance for value and quality, negative for size and short interest
Since 1999, the active size exposure of small-cap stocks has been negative (-2, on average). Small caps have typically had positive active value exposure, particularly in the MSCI World, MSCI USA, MSCI World ex USA and MSCI Emerging Markets Indexes, and the value factor’s long-term upward trend has positively impacted the segment’s performance.
The quality factor’s active exposure has also been negative, although less pronounced in the MSCI World ex USA Small Cap and MSCI Europe Small Cap Indexes.[2] These negative active quality exposures have dampened the segment’s performance.
Small caps have often been targets for shorting, and the historical negative return to the short-interest factor has been a drag on small caps’ long-term return. The short-interest factor’s return was even more negative after December 2020, putting further pressure on small caps’ performance. Because low-quality stocks typically have weak balance sheets and high levels of debt,[3] they are also frequently popular shorting candidates.[4]
The double whammy of short interest and low quality
As the following exhibit illustrates, over the last five years, small-cap returns across all regions, except EM, were lower than those of large-cap stocks.
Long-term trend in small-cap outperformance reversed after 2019
Given the drivers of small-cap performance, we examined whether small caps, if screened to remove the lowest-quality and highest-short-interest companies, have delivered performance comparable to large caps? We concentrated our analysis between June 31, 2007, when the short-interest factor was added to the EFMGEMLT model, and July 31, 2024.
Excluding low-quality and highly shorted stocks improved active performance vs. large caps
We found that, while the small-size premium has declined in recent years, small caps — excluding those with the highest short interest and lowest quality — have matched or outperformed large caps since 2007. Although U.S. small caps have struggled to keep pace with the exceptional performance of large U.S. stocks (particularly in recent years[5]), excluding highly shorted and low-quality stocks would have enhanced the historical active returns of the MSCI USA Small Cap Index.
Our analysis suggests that the recent underperformance of the small-cap indexes in our analysis was not only due to a diminishing small-size premium but to high shorting demand and low quality among their constituents. Reducing exposure to these factors had a positive impact on the historical active performance of small-cap portfolios compared to large caps over our study period.